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<p>在 C 程序中遇到<a href="identifier.html" title="c/language/identifier">标识符</a>时，会查找定位引入该标识符，并且当前<a href="scope.html" title="c/language/scope">在作用域内</a>的<a href="declarations.html" title="c/language/declarations">声明</a>。若同一标识符的多个声明属于称作<i>命名空间</i>的相异类别，则 C 允许它们同时在作用域内：
</p>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> 标号命名空间：所有声明为<a href="statements.html#.E6.A0.87.E5.8F.B7" title="c/language/statements">标号</a>的标识符。</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> 标签名：所有声明为 <a href="struct.html" title="c/language/struct">struct</a> 、 <a href="union.html" title="c/language/union">union</a> 及<a href="enum.html" title="c/language/enum">枚举类型</a>名称的标识符。注意所有这三种标签共享同一命名空间。</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">3)</span> 成员名：所有声明为至少为一个 <a href="struct.html" title="c/language/struct">struct</a> 或 <a href="union.html" title="c/language/union">union</a> 成员的标识符。每个结构体和联合体引入它自己的这种命名空间。</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">4)</span> 所有其他标识符，称之为<i>通常标识符</i>以别于 <span class="t-v">(1-3)</span> （函数名、对象名、 typedef 名、枚举常量）。</div>
<p>在查找点，根据使用方式确定标识符所属的命名空间：
</p>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> 作为 <a href="goto.html" title="c/language/goto">goto 语句</a>运算数出现的标识符，会在标号命名空间中查找。</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> 跟随关键词 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="kw1">struct</span></span></span> 、  <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="kw1">union</span></span></span> 或 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="kw2">enum</span></span></span> 的标识符，会在标签命名空间中查找。</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">3)</span> 跟随<a href="operator_member_access.html" title="c/language/operator member access">成员访问</a>或通过指针的成员访问运算符的标识符，会在类型成员命名空间中查找，该类型由成员访问运算符左运算数确定。</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">4)</span> 所有其他标识符，会在通常命名空间中查找。</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E6.B3.A8.E6.84.8F">注意</span></h3>
<p><a href="../preprocessor/replace.html" title="c/preprocessor/replace">宏</a>名不是任何命名空间的一部分，因为它们会在语义分析前，为预处理器所替换。
</p><p>一个常见举措是将 struct/union/enum 名称注入通常命名空间，以 <a href="typedef.html" title="c/language/typedef">typedef</a> 声明：
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw1">struct</span> A <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>       <span class="co1">// 于标签命名空间中引入名称A</span>
<span class="kw1">typedef</span> <span class="kw1">struct</span> A A<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// 首先，对"struct"后A的查找找到标签命名空间的一个</span>
                    <span class="co1">// 然后将名称A引入通常命名空间</span>
<span class="kw1">struct</span> A<span class="sy2">*</span> p<span class="sy4">;</span>        <span class="co1">// OK，此A于标签命名空间中查找</span>
A<span class="sy2">*</span> q<span class="sy4">;</span>               <span class="co1">// OK，此A于通常命名空间中查找</span></pre></div></div>
<p>众所周知的一个同一标识符横跨两个命名空间使用的示例，是 POSIX 头文件 <code>sys/stat.h</code> 中的标识符 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">stat</span></span> 。它用作通常标识符时<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/">指名一个函数</a>，而在用作标签时<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/sys_stat.h.html">指代一个结构体</a>。
</p><p>不同于 C++ 中，枚举常量不是结构体成员，而且其命名空间是通常标识符的命名空间，故而 C 中无结构体作用域，其作用域是出现结构体声明的作用域：
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw1">struct</span> tagged_union 
<span class="br0">{</span>
   <span class="kw2">enum</span> <span class="br0">{</span>INT, FLOAT, STRING<span class="br0">}</span> type<span class="sy4">;</span>
   <span class="kw4">int</span> integer<span class="sy4">;</span>
   <span class="kw4">float</span> floating_point<span class="sy4">;</span>
   <span class="kw4">char</span> <span class="sy2">*</span>string<span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span> tu<span class="sy4">;</span>
 
tu.<span class="me1">type</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> INT<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// C 中 OK ， C++ 中错误</span></pre></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E7.A4.BA.E4.BE.8B">示例</span></h3>
<div class="t-example"><div class="t-example-live-link"><div class="coliru-btn coliru-btn-run-init">运行此代码</div></div>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">void</span> foo <span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">void</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw1">return</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// 通常命名空间，文件作用域</span>
<span class="kw1">struct</span> foo <span class="br0">{</span>      <span class="co1">// 标签命名空间，文件作用域</span>
    <span class="kw4">int</span> foo<span class="sy4">;</span>      <span class="co1">// 此 struct foo 的成员命名空间，文件作用域</span>
    <span class="kw2">enum</span> bar <span class="br0">{</span>    <span class="co1">// 标签命名空间，文件作用域</span>
        RED       <span class="co1">// 通常命名空间，文件作用域</span>
    <span class="br0">}</span> bar<span class="sy4">;</span>        <span class="co1">// 此 struct foo 的成员命名空间，文件作用域</span>
    <span class="kw1">struct</span> foo<span class="sy2">*</span> p<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// OK ：使用标签/文件作用域名称 "foo"</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw2">enum</span> bar x<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// OK ：使用标签/文件作用域 "bar"</span>
<span class="co1">// int foo; // 错误：通常命名空间已有 foo</span>
<span class="co1">//union foo { int a, b; }; // 错误：标签命名空间已有 foo 在作用域中</span>
 
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">void</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
    <span class="kw1">goto</span> foo<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// OK 从标号命名空间/函数作用域使用 "foo"</span>
 
    <span class="kw1">struct</span> foo <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="co1">// 标签命名空间，块作用域（于文件作用域中隐藏）</span>
       <span class="kw2">enum</span> bar x<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// OK ，从标签命名空间/文件作用域使用 "bar"</span>
    <span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
    <span class="kw1">typedef</span> <span class="kw1">struct</span> foo foo<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// OK ：从标签命名空间/块作用域使用 foo</span>
                            <span class="co1">// 定义块作用域通常命名空间的 foo （隐藏于文件作用域）</span>
    <span class="br0">(</span>foo<span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">{</span>.<span class="me1">x</span><span class="sy1">=</span>RED<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// 使用通常命名空间/块作用域 foo 和通常命名空间/文件作用域 RED</span>
 
foo<span class="sy4">:;</span> <span class="co1">// 标号命名空间，函数作用域</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<p><br> 
</p>
</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8">引用</span></h3>
<div class="t-ref-std-11">
<ul><li> C11 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2011): 
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 6.2.3 Name spaces of identifiers (p: 37)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<div class="t-ref-std-c99">
<ul><li> C99 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1999): 
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 6.2.3 Name spaces of identifiers (p: 31)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<div class="t-ref-std-c89">
<ul><li> C89/C90 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1990): 
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 3.1.2.3 Name spaces of identifiers 
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.8F.82.E9.98.85">参阅</span></h3>
<table class="t-dsc-begin">

</table></div>
</div>

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Preprocessor generated node count: 3558/1000000
Post‐expand include size: 25026/2097152 bytes
Template argument size: 6762/2097152 bytes
Highest expansion depth: 13/40
Expensive parser function count: 0/100
-->

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